Chain

Anode finishing

Coating and blending finish spherical and synthetic graphite into anode active material — coated spherical purified graphite, synthetic anode powder, and graphite-dominant natural/synthetic blends — the chain's end products, sold to battery cell plants. This is the stage Commerce's active anode material trade cases target and the most concentrated stage of the battery supply chain.

Facts on this page last re-verified Aug 12, 2026 — the oldest verification date among its current claims. How we verify.

Stage diagram

China held an estimated 96% of global anode active material production capacity in 2024 (BloombergNEF-tracked fully commissioned facilities, per DOE) — the single most concentrated link in the battery supply chain — and Commerce's February 2026 final countervailing duty determination found estimated net countervailable subsidy rates of 66.86% on Chinese active anode material.

Materials at this stage: Coated spherical purified graphite (CSPG), Synthetic anode material, Blended anode material

Facility-line flow trace

Facility / line	Location	Stage and derived state	Input → output
Anovion Bainbridge Synthetic Graphite Plant Synthetic graphite anode material plant (planned)	Bainbridge, Georgia United States	Graphitization Announced	Graphitizable carbon precursor → Synthetic anode material
Anovion Sanborn Synthetic Graphite Plant Synthetic graphite anode material production	Sanborn, New York United States	Graphitization Operating	Graphitizable carbon precursor → Synthetic anode material
Birla Carbon Orangeburg Synthetic Graphite Plant Continuous heat treatment graphitization (planned)	Orangeburg, South Carolina United States	Graphitization Financed	Graphitizable carbon precursor → Synthetic anode material
Kilbourne Graphite Purification Plant, Anniston Army Depot Kilbourne CSPG finishing, secondary site (conditionally leased)	Anniston, Alabama United States	Anode finishing Announced	Purified flake graphite → Coated spherical purified graphite (CSPG)
Kilbourne Graphite Purification Plant, Pine Bluff Arsenal Kilbourne CSPG finishing, primary site (conditionally leased)	Pine Bluff, Arkansas United States	Anode finishing Announced	Purified flake graphite → Coated spherical purified graphite (CSPG)
NOVONIX Enterprise South Synthetic Graphite Plant Synthetic graphite manufacturing (planned)	Chattanooga, Tennessee United States	Graphitization Announced	Graphitizable carbon precursor → Synthetic anode material
NOVONIX Riverside Synthetic Graphite Facility Continuous graphitization	Chattanooga, Tennessee United States	Graphitization Commissioned	Graphitizable carbon precursor → Synthetic anode material
NOVONIX Riverside Synthetic Graphite Facility Anode material finishing and qualification	Chattanooga, Tennessee United States	Anode finishing Announced	Synthetic anode material → Synthetic anode material
Syrah Vidalia Active Anode Material Facility Surface treatment and AAM finishing	Vidalia, Louisiana United States	Anode finishing Operating	Uncoated spherical graphite → Coated spherical purified graphite (CSPG)
Urbix Muscle Shoals CSPG Facility First commercial CSPG module (announced)	Muscle Shoals, Alabama United States	Anode finishing Announced	Natural graphite concentrate → Coated spherical purified graphite (CSPG)
Westwater Kellyton Graphite Plant Phase I CSPG plant (under construction)	Kellyton, Alabama United States	Anode finishing Under construction	Natural graphite concentrate → Coated spherical purified graphite (CSPG)
Westwater Kellyton Graphite Plant R&D lab and CSPG qualification line	Kellyton, Alabama United States	Anode finishing Operating	Natural graphite concentrate → Coated spherical purified graphite (CSPG)
Graphinex Townsville Graphite-to-Anode Demonstration Facility Demonstration anode material finishing	Townsville, Queensland Australia	Anode finishing Operating	Purified flake graphite → Coated spherical purified graphite (CSPG)
NMG Bécancour Battery Material Plant Coating unit and active anode material output (planned)	Bécancour, Québec Canada	Anode finishing Announced	Uncoated spherical graphite → Coated spherical purified graphite (CSPG)
Vianode Via TWO Synthetic Graphite Plant, St. Thomas Via TWO synthetic graphite production (planned)	St. Thomas, Ontario Canada	Graphitization Announced	Graphitizable carbon precursor → Synthetic anode material
UP Catalyst CO2Graphite Plant CO2Graphite molten-salt CO2-to-graphite line (early/pilot)	Maardu, Harju County Estonia	Graphitization Financed	Graphitizable carbon precursor → Synthetic anode material
Fortum Battery Recycling Harjavalta Hydrometallurgical Plant Closed-loop hydrometallurgical black-mass recycling	Harjavalta, Satakunta Finland	Recycling Operating	Blended anode material, Lithium-Ion Battery Black Mass → Natural graphite concentrate, Recycled Lithium-Bearing Process Solution
Hycamite Kokkola Methane-Pyrolysis Graphite Plant Methane-pyrolysis battery graphite line (Kokkola Industrial Park)	Kokkola, Central Ostrobothnia Finland	Graphitization Announced	Graphitizable carbon precursor → Synthetic anode material
NGC Battery Materials BAM Plant (France, site not stated in source) Anode coating and finishing (planned)	— France	Anode finishing Announced	Uncoated spherical graphite → Coated spherical purified graphite (CSPG)
Orano Battery Recycling Pilots (Bessines-sur-Gartempe) EV battery pre-processing and hydrometallurgy pilots	Bessines-sur-Gartempe, Nouvelle-Aquitaine France	Recycling Commissioned	Blended anode material, Lithium-Ion Battery Black Mass → Natural graphite concentrate, Recycled Lithium-Bearing Process Solution
Tokai COBEX Savoie BAM4EVER Battery Anode Material Plant (Vénissieux) BAM4EVER (Phase I&II) battery anode material line	Vénissieux (30 rue Louis Jouvet, 69200), Département du Rhône, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes France	Particle processing Operating	Natural graphite concentrate → Synthetic anode material
Mitsubishi Chemical Kagawa Plant Natural-Graphite Anode Line Natural graphite anode material expansion (+11,000 t/y)	Sakaide, Kagawa Prefecture Japan	Anode finishing Announced	Uncoated spherical graphite → Coated spherical purified graphite (CSPG)
NorGraph Active Anode Materials Plant (Eyde Material Park, Arendal) Planned graphite Active Anode Materials plant	Longum Nord, Eyde Material Park, Arendal, Agder Norway	Anode finishing Announced	Natural graphite concentrate → Coated spherical purified graphite (CSPG)
Vianode Via ONE Synthetic Anode Graphite Plant (Herøya) Via ONE synthetic anode graphite line	Porsgrunn (Herøya Industrial Park), Telemark Norway	Graphitization Operating	Graphitizable carbon precursor → Synthetic anode material
POSCO Future M Pohang Artificial Graphite Anode Plant Artificial graphite anode graphitization line	Pohang, Gyeongsangbuk-do South Korea	Graphitization Operating	Graphitizable carbon precursor, Graphitizable carbon precursor → Synthetic anode material
Talga Luleå Anode Refinery and EVA Qualification Plant EVA qualification pilot plant	Luleå, Norrbotten Sweden	Anode finishing Operating	Natural graphite concentrate → Coated spherical purified graphite (CSPG)
Talga Luleå Anode Refinery and EVA Qualification Plant Anode refinery coating and finishing (planned)	Luleå, Norrbotten Sweden	Anode finishing Announced	Uncoated spherical graphite → Coated spherical purified graphite (CSPG)
Altilium ACT3 Black-Mass Refinery (Plymouth) ACT3 EcoCathode black-mass refining line	Plymouth, Devon United Kingdom	Recycling Financed	Blended anode material → Natural graphite concentrate

Sources

U.S. Department of Energy · published Dec 1, 2024 · retrieved Aug 12, 2026 · archive unavailable: Wayback verification blocked by archive.org outage on 2026-08-12; recheck on a weekly pass
Office of the Federal Register, National Archives · published Feb 17, 2026 · retrieved Aug 12, 2026 · archive unavailable: Wayback verification blocked by archive.org outage on 2026-08-12; recheck on a weekly pass