Deposits

Known US rare earth deposits and occurrences

169 sites from the USGS USMIN rare earth occurrence database (ver. 4.0, June 2019), grouped by state: 47 carry published resource estimates and 17 have recorded past production. This is the geological base of the chain — projects that have advanced to development appear as facilities.

Alaska (40) · Arizona (1) · Arkansas (1) · California (2) · Colorado (6) · Florida (8) · Georgia (4) · Idaho (32) · Illinois (1) · Missouri (1) · Montana (4) · Nebraska (1) · Nevada (2) · New Jersey (1) · New Mexico (13) · New York (7) · North Carolina (7) · South Carolina (8) · Tennessee (2) · Texas (2) · Virginia (1) · Wyoming (25) · Earth MRI focus areas (245)

Alaska (40)

Site	Commodities	Data on record
Aichilik River	rare earth elements	geology
Bokan Mountain	rare earth elements; uranium; thorium; niobium; zirconium; zinc; titanium; beryllium; tin; tantalum; lead; strontium; hafnium; zinc; tin	resource estimates · past production · geology
Boston Ridge	rare earth elements; thorium; uranium	geology
Cape Darby	rare earth elements; uranium; tungsten	location only
Clear Creek	rare earth elements; uranium	geology
Dora Bay	rare earth elements	geology
Draken Claims	gold; thorium; tungsten; uranium; rare earth elements; silver; arsenic; copper; lead; tungsten	geology
Eudialyte	rare earth elements; zirconium; thorium; uranium	geology
Golovnin Bay	rare earth elements; uranium; tungsten	location only
Hot Springs Creek	rare earth elements; thorium; uranium; tungsten	geology
Karshner Creek	rare earth elements; titanium; zirconium	geology
Kilolitna River	rare earth elements; tin; niobium; tungsten; tantalum; zirconium	geology
Kwiniuk River	copper; rare earth elements; tungsten	location only
Lucky Six	copper; lead; rare earth elements; thorium; uranium; zirconium	geology
No Name Creek	rare earth elements; tin; tungsten; uranium; niobium; titanium; tungsten; zirconium; gold	resource estimates · geology
Paystreak and Marker Veins	uranium; thorium; rare earth elements; molybdenum	resource estimates · geology
Ray River	tin; rare earth elements; gold; niobium; titanium; tungsten; zirconium	resource estimates · geology
Ruby Creek	rare earth elements; thorium	geology
Salmon Bay	rare earth elements	geology
Section 35	beryllium; niobium; thorium; uranium; zirconium; rare earth elements	geology
Tofty Ridge	rare earth elements; niobium; silver; uranium; gold; tin	geology
Unnamed (east fork of Kilolitna River)	rare earth elements; tin; niobium; tungsten; tantalum; zirconium	geology
Unnamed (east of Berg Mountain)	rare earth elements	location only
Unnamed (east of Eagle Creek)	rare earth elements; thorium; uranium	geology
Unnamed (Half-Way Pillar)	rare earth elements; lead	geology
Unnamed (in Zane Hills)	rare earth elements; thorium; uranium	location only
Unnamed (near Mallard Bay)	gold; copper; rare earth elements; uranium; zinc	geology
Unnamed (near Salmon Bay)	rare earth elements; thorium; uranium; molybdenum	geology
Unnamed (near Salmon River)	rare earth elements; zinc; niobium; titanium; zinc; arsenic; strontium; thorium; yttrium; zirconium	geology
Unnamed (near Swift River)	rare earth elements	geology
Unnamed (north shore, Stone Rock Bay)	gold; copper; rare earth elements; uranium; zinc	geology
Unnamed (northeast of lower Sue Creek)	cerium; lanthanum; samarium; thorium; uranium; tungsten; zirconium; gold; copper; mercury; lead; silver	past production · geology
Unnamed (northeast ridge of Caribou Mountain)	rare earth elements; thorium; uranium	location only
Unnamed (on Rock Creek)	rare earth elements; uranium	geology
Unnamed (on Slate Creek)	rare earth elements; thorium; uranium	geology
Unnamed (tributaries to Clear Creek)	rare earth elements; tin; uranium; tungsten	geology
Unnamed (tributary to Vulcan Creek)	rare earth elements; uranium	geology
Unnamed (upper Idaho Gulch)	niobium; silver; rare earth elements; uranium; zirconium; phosphorus pentoxide	resource estimates
William Henry	copper; lead; rare earth elements; zinc; gold; uranium	geology
Windy Fork Placer	cerium; lanthanum; niobium; titanium; zirconium; iron; tin; thorium; uranium	location only

Arizona (1)

Site	Commodities	Data on record
La Paz	rare earth elements	resource estimates · geology

Arkansas (1)

Site	Commodities	Data on record
Magnet Cove District	barite; titanium; vanadium; niobium; rare earth elements	geology

California (2)

Site	Commodities	Data on record
Mountain Pass	rare earth elements; gold	resource estimates · past production · geology
Music Valley	thorium; rare earth elements	resource estimates · geology

Colorado (6)

Site	Commodities	Data on record
Climax	molybdenum; tungsten; rhenium; platinum-group elements; tin; rare earth elements	resource estimates · past production · geology
Climax District	molybdenum; tungsten; rhenium; platinum-group elements; tin; rare earth elements	location only
Iron Hill Carbonatite Complex	rare earth elements; niobium; uranium; vanadium; thorium; titanium; iron; vermiculite	resource estimates · geology
Powderhorn District	niobium; tantalum; titanium; rare earth elements; iron; vanadium	resource estimates · past production · geology
Powderhorn Exploration Project	rare earth elements	geology
Wet Mountains Area	thorium; rare earth elements	resource estimates · geology

Florida (8)

Site	Commodities	Data on record
Boulogne	titanium; zircon; rare earth elements (in monazite)	resource estimates · past production · geology
Green Cove Springs	ilmenite; rutile; zircon; rare earth elements (in monazite); staurolite; leucoxene; heavy minerals	past production · geology
Jacksonville	ilmenite; rutile; zircon; rare earth elements (in monazite); garnet; xenotime; heavy minerals	past production · geology
Little Talbot Island	rare earth elements (in monazite); thorium (in monazite)	geology
Melbourne	ilmenite; rutile; zircon; rare earth elements (in monazite)	geology
Ponte Vedra	ilmenite; rutile; zircon; rare earth elements (in monazite)	past production · geology
Trail Ridge	zirconium; hafnium; titanium; rare earth elements (in heavy minerals); uranium; thorium; niobium; zinc; titanium; beryllium; tin; tantalum; lead; strontium	resource estimates · geology
Vero Beach	ilmenite; rutile; zircon; rare earth elements (in monazite and xenotime); garnet	geology

Georgia (4)

Site	Commodities	Data on record
Altama	titanium; zircon; rare earth elements (in monazite)	geology
Cabin Bluff	titanium; zircon; rare earth elements (in monazite)	resource estimates · geology
Cumberland Island	titanium; rare earth elements (in monazite)	geology
Folkston	titanium; zircon; rare earth elements (in monazite)	resource estimates · past production · geology

Idaho (32)

Site	Commodities	Data on record
Bear Valley Monazite Placer District	rare earth elements (in monazite); yttrium (in euxenite); tantalum (in euxenite); niobium (in euxenite); thorium; uranium	resource estimates
Blackfoot Bridge	phosphate; rare earth elements	resource estimates
Boise Basin Monazite Placer District	rare earth elements (in monazite); garnet; ilmenite; thorium; zircon	resource estimates
Burgdorf-Warren Monazite Placer District	rare earth elements (in monazite); gold; thorium; uranium	resource estimates
Caldwell Canyon	phosphate; rare earth elements	resource estimates
Champ	phosphate; rare earth elements	location only
Clearwater River Monazite Placer District	rare earth elements (in monazite)	location only
Conda	phosphate; rare earth elements	location only
Diamond Creek District	rare earth elements; thorium; gold	resource estimates · geology
Dismal Swamp Monazite Placer District	rare earth elements (in monazite)	location only
Dixie-Florence Monazite Placer District	rare earth elements (in monazite)	location only
Elk City-Newsome Monazite Placer District	rare earth elements (in monazite); gold; garnet; zircon; ilmenite; thorium	resource estimates
Gay-South Forty	phosphate; rare earth elements	resource estimates
Hall Mountain Group	rare earth elements; thorium	resource estimates · geology
Henry	phosphate; rare earth elements	resource estimates
Husky	phosphate; rare earth elements	resource estimates
Lemhi Pass District	rare earth elements; thorium	resource estimates · geology
Long Valley Monazite Placer District	rare earth elements (in monazite); ilmenite; zircon; garnet; thorium (in monazite); thorium; uranium	resource estimates · past production
Lucky Horseshoe	rare earth elements; thorium	geology
Maybe Canyon	phosphate; rare earth elements	resource estimates
Mineral Hill District	rare earth elements; thorium	geology
Monumental Summit	rare earth elements	resource estimates · geology
Mountain Fuel	phosphate; rare earth elements	resource estimates
North Henry	phosphate; rare earth elements	resource estimates
Rock Creek-Camp Creek Monazite Placer District	rare earth elements (in monazite)	location only
Salmon River Monazite Placer District	rare earth elements (in monazite)	location only
Silver Queen	rare earth elements; thorium	geology
Smokey Canyon	phosphate; rare earth elements	resource estimates
Stanley Basin Monazite Placer District	rare earth elements (in monazite)	location only
Swan Lake Gulch	phosphate; rare earth elements	location only
Trail Creek	phosphate; rare earth elements	resource estimates
Wooley Valley	phosphate; rare earth elements	location only

Illinois (1)

Site	Commodities	Data on record
Hicks Dome	fluorite; beryllium; rare earth elements; thorium	resource estimates · geology

Missouri (1)

Site	Commodities	Data on record
Pea Ridge	iron; magnetite; pyrite; rare earth elements	resource estimates · past production · geology

Montana (4)

Site	Commodities	Data on record
Last Chance	rare earth elements; thorium	resource estimates · geology
Rocky Boy	rare earth elements	geology
Snowbird	rare earth elements	geology
Southern Ravalli County	rare earth elements; niobium	geology

Nebraska (1)

Site	Commodities	Data on record
Elk Creek	niobium; scandium; titanium; rare earth elements	resource estimates · geology

Nevada (2)

Site	Commodities	Data on record
Crescent District	silver; gold; lead; copper; turquoise; molybdenum; vanadium; beryllium; thorium; uranium; perlite; rare earth elements	geology
Thor	rare earth elements	geology

New Jersey (1)

Site	Commodities	Data on record
Scrub Oaks	iron; rare earth elements	past production · geology

New Mexico (13)

Site	Commodities	Data on record
Caballo Mountains District	lead; fluorine; manganese; gold; silver; iron; copper; uranium; molybdenum; vanadium; thorium; barium; rare earth elements; tungsten; niobium; titanium; platinum group elements; beryllium; zinc	location only
Capitan Mountains District	thorium; rare earth elements; iron; uranium; manganese; coal; copper; gold; silver; beryllium; asbestos; fluorine; garnet	location only
Chupadera Mountains District	gold; silver; copper; lead; zinc; barium; uranium; thorium; niobium; titanium; rare earth elements	location only
Cornudas Mountains District	rare earth elements; nepheline syenite; silver; beryllium; gold; uranium; thorium; niobium; zirconium; zeolites	location only
El Porvenir District	molybdenum; uranium; mica; rare earth elements; copper; silver; gold; thorium; fluorine; tungsten; bismuth; tantalum; niobium; mica; asbestos; beryllium	location only
Gallinas Mountains District	gold; silver; copper; fluorine; iron; zinc; lead; rare earth elements; uranium; thorium; tellurium; molybdenum; asbestos	past production
Gallinas Mountains Project	rare earth elements	geology
Laughlin Peak District	rare earth elements; gold; silver; uranium; thorium; niobium; iron; beryllium; zeolites	location only
Lemitar Mountains District	copper; lead; barium; silver; manganese; uranium; rare earth elements; fluorine; zinc; titanium; niobium; thorium	location only
Pajarito District	zircon; rare earth elements; iron; fluorine	location only
Pajarito Mountain	zirconium; rare earth elements	resource estimates · geology
Petaca District	mica; niobium; tantalum; beryllium; quartz; feldspar; kyanite; rare earth elements; uranium; tin; thorium; copper; bismuth; fluorine; molybdenum; asbestos; pyrophyllite; garnet	location only
White Signal District	copper; uranium; gold; silver; lead; bismuth; fluorine; radium; garnet; rare earth elements; thorium; zinc; niobium; tantalum; turquoise; beryllium; barium; mica; tellurium	past production

New York (7)

Site	Commodities	Data on record
Cheever	iron; rare earth elements	geology
Mineville District	iron; thorium; uranium; phosphoric acid; rare earth elements	resource estimates · geology
Mineville Group	iron; rare earth elements	geology
Pelfshire	iron; rare earth elements	geology
Port Leyden	iron; titanium; rare earth elements	geology
Sherman	iron; rare earth elements	geology
Smith	iron; thorium; uranium; phosphorus; rare earth elements	geology

North Carolina (7)

Site	Commodities	Data on record
Buffalo Creek	rare earth elements (in monazite); rutile; ilmenite; zircon	geology
Christy-Destiny	rare earth elements (in monazite and xenotime); gold; sand; gravel	geology
First Broad River	rare earth elements (in monazite); rutile; ilmenite; zircon	geology
Knob Creek	rare earth elements (in monazite); rutile; ilmenite; zircon	geology
Sandy Run Creek	rare earth elements (in monazite); rutile; ilmenite; zircon	geology
Silver Creek	rare earth elements (in monazite); gold	geology
South Muddy Creek	rare earth elements (in monazite); gold	geology

South Carolina (8)

Site	Commodities	Data on record
Big Generostee Creek	rare earth elements (in monazite); gold	geology
Broad River	rare earth elements (in monazite)	geology
Hilton Head Island	rare earth elements (in monazite); ilmenite; rutile; zircon	resource estimates · geology
Hollow Creek	rare earth elements (in monazite); gold	geology
Horse Creek	rare earth elements (in monazite)	geology
North Tyger River	rare earth elements (in monazite); rutile; ilmenite; zircon	geology
Rabon Creek	rare earth elements (in monazite); rutile; ilmenite; zircon	geology
Thicketty Creek	rare earth elements (in monazite); rutile; ilmenite; zircon	geology

Tennessee (2)

Site	Commodities	Data on record
Oak Grove	heavy minerals; rare earth elements	resource estimates · geology
Silica	phosphate; rare earth elements	resource estimates

Texas (2)

Site	Commodities	Data on record
Rode Ranch	rare earth elements	geology
Round Top	rare earth elements; beryllium; niobium; hafnium; tantalum; tin; uranium; thorium	resource estimates · geology

Virginia (1)

Site	Commodities	Data on record
Little Friar Mountain	rare earth elements	location only

Wyoming (25)

Site	Commodities	Data on record
Bald Mountain	gold; titanium minerals; rare earth elements; thorium; zircon	resource estimates · geology
Bear Cabin Creek	phosphate; rare earth elements	geology
Bear Lodge	rare earth elements; thorium	resource estimates · geology
Bear Lodge District	rare earth elements; gold	location only
Beaver Creek	rare earth elements	past production · geology
Cottonwood Creek	heavy minerals; rare earth elements	geology
Crystal Creek	phosphate; rare earth elements	geology
Crystal Creek Canyon	phosphate; rare earth elements	geology
Crystal Peak	phosphate; rare earth elements	geology
Frontier Formation-Spring Gap	heavy minerals; rare earth elements	geology
Gafco	rare earth elements; uranium; thorium	geology
Granite Creek	phosphate; rare earth elements	geology
Grass Creek	heavy minerals; rare earth elements	geology
Middle Fork Pine Creek	phosphate; rare earth elements	geology
North Sheldon Gulch	phosphate; rare earth elements	geology
Onemile Creek	uranium; rare earth elements; thorium	geology
Platt	uranium; rare earth elements	past production · geology
Ranger	uranium; rare earth elements; thorium	geology
Raymond Canyon	phosphate; rare earth elements	geology
Snow King Mountain	phosphate; rare earth elements	geology
Spring Gap	heavy minerals; rare earth elements	geology
Table Mountain	phosphate; rare earth elements	geology
Tosi Creek	phosphate; rare earth elements	geology
Unnamed (Little Grizzly Basin)	phosphate; rare earth elements	geology
Unnamed (S of Shorty Creek)	phosphate; rare earth elements	geology

Where USGS is looking next: Earth MRI focus areas

Separate from known deposits, the USGS Earth Mapping Resources Initiative designates focus areas where new geologic mapping and geophysics are being acquired because the mineral systems are favorable for rare earths. These are areas of interest, not discoveries. 245 focus areas are REE-relevant as of the ver. 2.0 release (April 2024).

Focus area	State(s)	Mineral system	Deposit type(s)
Alabama bauxite	Alabama	Chemical weathering	Bauxite
Pennsylvanian Phosphate, Black Shale, Underclay	Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, Nebraska, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia	Marine chemocline	Black shale; Phosphate
Pennsylvanian Phosphate, Black Shale, Underclay	Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, Nebraska, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia	Chemical weathering	Clay
Upper Devonian Phosphate	Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia	Marine chemocline	Black shale; Iron-manganese; Phosphate
Fall Zone Placers	Alabama, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Virginia	Placer	Ilmenite/rutile/leucoxene; Monazite/xenotime; Zircon
Alleghanian-NeoAcadian regolith	Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia	Chemical weathering	Regolith (Ion adsorption) REE
Piedmont fluvial placers	Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia	Placer	Gold; Ilmenite/rutile/leucoxene; Monazite/xenotime; Zircon
Upper Ordovician Phosphate (Rawtheyan and Richmondian)	Alabama, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Ohio, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Wisconsin	Marine chemocline	Black shale; Iron-manganese; Phosphate
Darby-Hogatza REE	Alaska	Magmatic REE	Peralkaline syenite/granite/rhyolite/alaskite/pegmatites
Darby-Hogatza SsU-V-Co	Alaska	Meteoric recharge	Sandstone uranium
Eastern Brooks Range-Old Crow PorphMo-W	Alaska	Climax-type	Porphyry molybdenum
Kokrines-Hodzana Placers	Alaska	Placer	Cassiterite; Monazite/xenotime
Kokrines-Hodzana REE	Alaska	Magmatic REE	Peralkaline syenite/granite/rhyolite/alaskite/pegmatites
Kokrines-Hodzana SsU-V-Co	Alaska	Meteoric recharge	Sandstone uranium
Kuskokwim-White Mountains REE	Alaska	Magmatic REE	Carbonatite
Kuskokwim-White Mountains SsU-V-Co	Alaska	Meteoric recharge	Sandstone uranium
Northern Alaska Range REE	Alaska	Magmatic REE	Peralkaline syenite/granite/rhyolite/alaskite/pegmatites
Northern Alaska Range SsU-V-Co	Alaska	Meteoric recharge	Sandstone uranium
Placer Au	Alaska	Placer	Cassiterite; Gold; Ilmenite/rutile/leucoxene; Monazite/xenotime; PGE; Zircon
Placer Au and PGE	Alaska	Placer	Cassiterite; Gold; Ilmenite/rutile/leucoxene; Monazite/xenotime; PGE; Zircon
Placer Au and Sn	Alaska	Placer	Cassiterite; Gold; Monazite/xenotime; PGE; Zircon
Placer Au and Ti	Alaska	Placer	Cassiterite; Gold; Ilmenite/rutile/leucoxene; Monazite/xenotime; PGE; Zircon
Placer PGE and Au	Alaska	Placer	Cassiterite; Gold; Ilmenite/rutile/leucoxene; Monazite/xenotime; PGE; Zircon
Porcupine River REE	Alaska	Magmatic REE	Peralkaline syenite/granite/rhyolite/alaskite/pegmatites
Porcupine River SsU-V-Co	Alaska	Meteoric recharge	Sandstone uranium
Southeast Alaska Coast Mountains PorphMo-W	Alaska	Climax-type	Porphyry molybdenum
Southeastern Alaska REE	Alaska	Magmatic REE	Peralkaline syenite/granite/rhyolite/alaskite/pegmatites
Southeastern Alaska SsU-V-Co	Alaska	Meteoric recharge	Sandstone uranium
Triassic Phosphate REE	Alaska	Marine chemocline	Phosphate
Upper Mississippian (Visean) Phosphate REE	Alaska	Marine chemocline	Phosphate
Western Alaska Range REE	Alaska	Magmatic REE	Peralkaline syenite/granite/rhyolite/alaskite/pegmatites
Western Alaska Range SsU-V-Co	Alaska	Meteoric recharge	Sandstone uranium
Yukon-Tanana REE	Alaska	Magmatic REE	Peralkaline syenite/granite/rhyolite/alaskite/pegmatites
Yukon-Tanana SsU-V-Co	Alaska	Meteoric recharge	Sandstone uranium
Artillery Mountains manganese	Arizona	Volcanogenic seafloor	Manganese oxide (layers, crusts, nodules)
Cameron area uranium	Arizona	Meteoric recharge	Sandstone uranium
La Paz	Arizona	Magmatic REE	Peralkaline syenite/granite/rhyolite/alaskite/pegmatites
Lower Colorado River IOCG	Arizona, California	IOA-IOCG	Iron oxide copper gold; Skarn iron
Arizona-New Mexico Cretaceous placers	Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico	Placer	Columbite/tantalite; Ilmenite/rutile/leucoxene; Monazite/xenotime; Uraninite, autunite-group minerals; Zircon
Colorado Plateau sandstone uranium	Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah	Meteoric recharge	Sandstone uranium
Southwest Laramide Porphyry Belt	Arizona, New Mexico	Porphyry Cu-Mo-Au	Greisen; Lithocap alunite; Polymetallic sulfide S-R-V-IS; Porphyry/skarn copper; Porphyry/skarn molybdenum
Northwest Arizona and southwest Utah uranium breccia pipes	Arizona, Utah	Basin brine path	Uranium (unconformity and breccia pipe)
Arkansas Bauxite Region	Arkansas	Chemical weathering	Bauxite
Granite Mountain syenite	Arkansas	Magmatic REE	Peralkaline syenite/granite/rhyolite/alaskite/pegmatites
Magnet Cove District-Potash Sulphur Springs	Arkansas	Magmatic REE	Carbonatite
Rison anomaly	Arkansas	Magmatic REE	Carbonatite
South-Central IOA-IOCG province	Arkansas, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Ohio, Wisconsin	IOA-IOCG	Iron oxide apatite; Iron oxide copper gold
Texas Coastal Plain uranium	Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas	Meteoric recharge	Sandstone uranium
Fayetteville Shale; Upper Mississippian (Serpukhovian) Phosphate	Arkansas, Missouri, Oklahoma	Marine chemocline	Phosphate
Middle-Late Miocene Phosphate	California	Marine chemocline	Phosphate
Music Valley	California	Metamorphic	Gneiss REE (monazite, xenotime)
San Gabriel Mountains anorthosite	California	Mafic magmatic	Iron-titanium oxide
Jurassic Arc	California, Nevada	IOA-IOCG	Iron oxide apatite; Iron oxide copper gold
Mountain Pass	California, Nevada	Magmatic REE	Carbonatite
California Coast Ranges massive sulfide	California, Oregon, Washington	Volcanogenic seafloor	Copper-zinc sulfide; Manganese oxide (layers, crusts, nodules); Polymetallic sulfide; Zinc-copper sulfide
Brown Derby	Colorado	Porphyry Sn (granite-related)	Pegmatite LCT
Centennial Cone Prospect	Colorado	Magmatic REE	Peralkaline syenite/granite/rhyolite/alaskite/pegmatites
Climax-Sweet Home	Colorado	Climax-type	Greisen; Polymetallic sulfide S-R-V-IS; Porphyry molybdenum
Coal REE deposits	Colorado	Chemical weathering	Regolith (Ion adsorption) REE
Denver Basin	Colorado	Meteoric recharge	Sandstone uranium
Entrada	Colorado	Meteoric recharge	Sandstone uranium
Fox Hills Sandstone heavy mineral placers	Colorado	Placer	Garnet; Ilmenite/rutile/leucoxene; Monazite/xenotime; Zircon
Hahns Peak	Colorado	Climax-type	Polymetallic sulfide S-R-V-IS; Porphyry molybdenum
Maybell	Colorado	Meteoric recharge	Sandstone uranium
Meeker	Colorado	Meteoric recharge	Sandstone uranium
Mt. Emmons-Redwell Basin	Colorado	Climax-type	Polymetallic sulfide S-R-V-IS; Porphyry molybdenum
Pikes Peak, St. Peter’s Dome (Proterozoic)	Colorado	Climax-type	Greisen-S-R beryllium; Pegmatite NYF
Powderhorn District	Colorado	Magmatic REE	Carbonatite; Fluorspar
Summitville	Colorado	Climax-type	Lithocap alunite; Polymetallic sulfide S-R-V-IS
Tallahassee Creek	Colorado	Meteoric recharge	Sandstone uranium
Turkey Creek	Colorado	Meteoric recharge	Sandstone uranium
Twin Cedars, Big Bertha, South Platte pegmatites	Colorado	Magmatic REE	Peralkaline syenite/granite/rhyolite/alaskite/pegmatites
Wet Mountains	Colorado	Mafic magmatic	Iron-titanium oxide; Nickel-copper-PGE sulfide
Wet Mountains	Colorado	Magmatic REE	Carbonatite; Peralkaline syenite/granite/rhyolite/alaskite/pegmatites
Winfield Peak-Antero	Colorado	Climax-type	Pegmatite NYF; Porphyry molybdenum
Phosphoria Formation	Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming	Marine chemocline	Black shale; Phosphate
Medicine Bow Mountains	Colorado, Wyoming	Mafic magmatic	Chromite; Iron-titanium oxide; Nickel-copper-PGE sulfide
Medicine Bow Mountains	Colorado, Wyoming	Magmatic REE	Peralkaline syenite/granite/rhyolite/alaskite/pegmatites
Medicine Bow Mountains	Colorado, Wyoming	Volcanogenic seafloor	Barite; Manganese oxide (layers, crusts, nodules); Polymetallic sulfide
Medicine Bow Mountains	Colorado, Wyoming	Placer	Monazite/xenotime; Uraninite, autunite-group minerals
Sierra Madre	Colorado, Wyoming	Magmatic REE	Peralkaline syenite/granite/rhyolite/alaskite/pegmatites
Sierra Madre	Colorado, Wyoming	Placer	Monazite/xenotime; Uraninite, autunite-group minerals
Sierra Madre	Colorado, Wyoming	Volcanogenic seafloor	Barite; Manganese oxide (layers, crusts, nodules); Polymetallic sulfide
Lower Shoreline Placers	Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia	Placer	Ilmenite/rutile/leucoxene; Monazite/xenotime; Zircon
Pennsylvania fluvial placers	Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania	Placer	Ilmenite/rutile/leucoxene; Monazite/xenotime; Zircon
Miocene-Pliocene phosphate strata	Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia	Marine chemocline	Phosphate
Georgia bauxite	Georgia	Chemical weathering	Bauxite
Middle Shoreline Placers	Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia	Placer	Ilmenite/rutile/leucoxene; Monazite/xenotime; Zircon
Blue Ridge placers	Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee	Placer	Gold; Ilmenite/rutile/leucoxene; Monazite/xenotime
South Carolina/Georgia kaolin deposits	Georgia, South Carolina	Chemical weathering	Clay
Hawaii bauxite	Hawaii	Chemical weathering	Bauxite
CuMo-Little Falls mineral districts	Idaho	Porphyry Cu-Mo-Au	Porphyry/skarn molybdenum
Hall Mountain mineral district	Idaho	Magmatic REE	Peralkaline syenite/granite/rhyolite/alaskite/pegmatites
Idaho Cobalt Belt	Idaho	IOA-IOCG	Iron oxide copper gold; Polymetallic sulfide S-R-V
Idaho Critical Mineral Placers	Idaho	Placer	Columbite/tantalite; Garnet; Ilmenite/rutile/leucoxene; Monazite/xenotime; Zircon
Payette National Forest manganese	Idaho	Volcanogenic seafloor	Manganese oxide (layers, crusts, nodules)
Stanley-Challis uranium district	Idaho	Meteoric recharge	Granite uranium; Sandstone uranium
Yellow Pine/Stibnite Mining District	Idaho	Metamorphic	Gneiss REE (monazite, xenotime)
Lemhi Pass mineral district	Idaho, Montana	Magmatic REE	Hybrid Th-REE-Fe veins and replacements
Sheep Creek-Mineral Hill	Idaho, Montana	Magmatic REE	Carbonatite; Hybrid Th-REE-Fe veins and replacements
Washington-Idaho clay	Idaho, Washington	Chemical weathering	Clay
Hicks Dome Intrusion	Illinois	Hybrid magmatic REE / basin brine path	Fluorspar
Midwest Permian Ultramafic Dike District	Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky	Magmatic REE	Carbonatite
Midwest Permian Ultramafic Dike District	Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky	Chemical weathering	Regolith (Ion adsorption) REE
Illinois-Kentucky Fluorspar District	Illinois, Kentucky	Hybrid magmatic REE / basin brine path	Fluorspar
Spencer Intrusive Complex	Iowa	IOA-IOCG	Iron oxide apatite; Iron oxide copper gold
Non-Midcontinent Rift mafic/ultramafic intrusions	Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota	Mafic magmatic	Iron-titanium oxide; Nickel-copper-PGE sulfide
Archean gneiss terranes	Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, South Dakota, Wisconsin	Magmatic REE	Peralkaline syenite/granite/rhyolite/alaskite/pegmatites
Post-Penokean Geon 17 magmatic rocks	Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin	IOA-IOCG	Iron oxide apatite; Iron oxide copper gold
Paleoproterozoic weathering beneath mature quartzites	Iowa, Minnesota, South Dakota, Wisconsin	Chemical weathering	Regolith (Ion adsorption) REE
Northeast Iowa intrusive complex (NEIIC)	Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin	Magmatic REE	Peralkaline syenite/granite/rhyolite/alaskite/pegmatites
Kansas Lamproite	Kansas	Magmatic REE	Peralkaline syenite/granite/rhyolite/alaskite/pegmatites
Elk Creek region	Kansas, Nebraska	Magmatic REE	Carbonatite
Central Kentucky Phosphate District	Kentucky	Chemical weathering	Regolith (Ion adsorption) REE
McNairy Sand placers	Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, Tennessee	Placer	Ilmenite/rutile/leucoxene; Monazite/xenotime; Zircon
Kennebec River barrier beaches	Maine	Placer	Garnet; Ilmenite/rutile/leucoxene; Monazite/xenotime; Zircon
Litchfield syenite	Maine	Magmatic REE	Peralkaline syenite/granite/rhyolite/alaskite/pegmatites
Catoctin Formation metavolcanics in Maryland	Maryland	Magmatic REE	Peralkaline syenite/granite/rhyolite/alaskite/pegmatites
Eastern Piedmont Devonian granitoids	Maryland	Magmatic REE	Peralkaline syenite/granite/rhyolite/alaskite/pegmatites
Neoproterozoic regolith	Maryland, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia	Chemical weathering	Regolith (Ion adsorption) REE
Massachusetts Hawley mineral belt	Massachusetts	Volcanogenic seafloor	Manganese oxide (layers, crusts, nodules); Polymetallic sulfide
Humboldt Granite	Michigan	Magmatic REE	Peralkaline syenite/granite/rhyolite/alaskite/pegmatites
Pembine-Wausau and Minnesota Paleoproterozoic	Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin	Volcanogenic seafloor	Barite; Manganese oxide (layers, crusts, nodules); Polymetallic sulfide; Zinc-copper sulfide
Mesoproterozoic Phosphate	Michigan, Wisconsin	Marine chemocline	Phosphate
Midcontinent Rift mafic-ultramafic satellite intrusions	Michigan, Wisconsin	Mafic magmatic	Iron-titanium oxide; Nickel-copper-PGE sulfide
Peavey Pond Complex	Michigan, Wisconsin	IOA-IOCG	Iron oxide apatite; Iron oxide copper gold
Western Upper Peninsula, IOCG	Michigan, Wisconsin	IOA-IOCG	Iron oxide apatite; Iron oxide copper gold
Midcontinent Rift layered Ti-Fe in the Duluth Complex	Minnesota	Mafic magmatic	Iron-titanium oxide
Midcontinent Rift oxide-ultramafic intrusions (OUIs)	Minnesota	Mafic magmatic	Iron-titanium oxide; Nickel-copper-PGE sulfide
Neoarchean Greenstone Belts of Minnesota, North Dakota and South Dakota	Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota	Magmatic REE	Peralkaline syenite/granite/rhyolite/alaskite/pegmatites
Cretaceous weathering of Archean and Paleoproterozoic rocks	Minnesota, South Dakota	Chemical weathering	Regolith (Ion adsorption) REE
Missouri Cheltenham Fireclay District	Missouri	Chemical weathering	Clay
Southeast Missouri Iron Metallogenic Province	Missouri	IOA-IOCG	Iron oxide apatite; Iron oxide copper gold
Adel Mountain Volcanics	Montana	Magmatic REE	Peralkaline syenite/granite/rhyolite/alaskite/pegmatites
Bearpaw Mountains-Eagle Buttes	Montana	Magmatic REE	Carbonatite; Peralkaline syenite/granite/rhyolite/alaskite/pegmatites
Big Ben	Montana	Climax-type	Porphyry molybdenum
Bitterroot Range anorthosite	Montana	Mafic magmatic	Iron-titanium oxide
Castle stock	Montana	Magmatic REE	Peralkaline syenite/granite/rhyolite/alaskite/pegmatites
Crazy Mountain Volcanics	Montana	Magmatic REE	Peralkaline syenite/granite/rhyolite/alaskite/pegmatites
Grass Range	Montana	Magmatic REE	Carbonatite
Highwood Mountains	Montana	Magmatic REE	Peralkaline syenite/granite/rhyolite/alaskite/pegmatites
Johnson Ranch-Gold Butte-Froze to Death Butte	Montana	Magmatic REE	Carbonatite
Judith Mountains	Montana	Magmatic REE	Carbonatite
Little Belt Mountains	Montana	Magmatic REE	Peralkaline syenite/granite/rhyolite/alaskite/pegmatites
MT-ID Alkalic Belt	Montana	Alkalic porphyry	Fluorspar; Polymetallic sulfide S-R-V-IS
Missouri Breaks diatremes	Montana	Magmatic REE	Carbonatite
Moccasin Mountains	Montana	Magmatic REE	Peralkaline syenite/granite/rhyolite/alaskite/pegmatites
Smoky Butte	Montana	Magmatic REE	Carbonatite
Snowbird-Dry Creek	Montana	Magmatic REE	Carbonatite; Fluorspar
Sweet Grass Hills	Montana	Magmatic REE	Carbonatite; Fluorspar; Peralkaline syenite/granite/rhyolite/alaskite/pegmatites
Cretaceous heavy-mineral placer sandstones (black sandstones)	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Placer	Columbite/tantalite; Gold; Ilmenite/rutile/leucoxene; Monazite/xenotime; Uraninite, autunite-group minerals; Wolframite/scheelite; Zircon
Cretaceous-Paleocene coals, underclays, and interbeds	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Chemical weathering	Clay; Coal uranium; Regolith (Ion adsorption) REE; Surficial uranium
Northwestern Black Hills Uranium District	Montana, Wyoming	Meteoric recharge	Sandstone uranium
Pryor Mountains-Little Mountain	Montana, Wyoming	Meteoric recharge	Carbonate uranium
Crow Butte	Nebraska	Meteoric recharge	Sandstone uranium
Elk Creek carbonatite	Nebraska	Magmatic REE	Carbonatite
Cortez Mountains	Nevada	IOA-IOCG	Iron oxide apatite
Humboldt Mafic Complex	Nevada	IOA-IOCG	Iron oxide apatite; Iron oxide copper gold; Polymetallic sulfide S-R-V
Jackson Mountains	Nevada	IOA-IOCG	Iron oxide apatite
Mount Hope	Nevada	Climax-type	Polymetallic sulfide S-R-V-IS; Porphyry molybdenum
Mount Wheeler mine area	Nevada	Climax-type	Greisen; Greisen-S-R beryllium; Polymetallic sulfide S-R-V-IS
Oreana mine area	Nevada	Climax-type	Greisen; Greisen-S-R beryllium; Polymetallic sulfide S-R-V-IS
Toiyabe Peaks	Nevada	Magmatic REE	Peralkaline syenite/granite/rhyolite/alaskite/pegmatites
McDermitt Caldera	Nevada, Oregon	Magmatic REE	Peralkaline syenite/granite/rhyolite/alaskite/pegmatites
Tintic-Deep Creek belt	Nevada, Utah	Porphyry Cu-Mo-Au	Distal disseminated silver-gold; Greisen; High sulfidation gold-silver; Lithocap alunite; Lithocap kaolinite; Polymetallic sulfide S-R-V-IS; Porphyry/skarn copper; R-V manganese; S-R-V tungsten
Tintic-Deep Creek belt	Nevada, Utah	Climax-type	Distal disseminated silver-gold; Fluorspar; Greisen; Greisen-S-R beryllium; Lithocap alunite; Lithocap kaolinite; Pegmatite NYF; Polymetallic sulfide S-R-V-IS; Volcanogenic beryllium; Volcanogenic uranium
Burro Mountains	New Mexico	Hybrid magmatic REE / basin brine path	Fluorspar
Cooks Range-Fluorite Ridge fluorite-manganese	New Mexico	Hybrid magmatic REE / basin brine path	Fluorspar
Diamond Tail (Hagan Basin)	New Mexico	Meteoric recharge	Sandstone uranium
Gallinas Mountains Mining District	New Mexico	Magmatic REE	Peralkaline syenite/granite/rhyolite/alaskite/pegmatites
Grants Uranium District	New Mexico	Meteoric recharge	Sandstone uranium
Grants Uranium District-Todilto	New Mexico	Meteoric recharge	Carbonate uranium
Hansonburg district	New Mexico	Hybrid magmatic REE / basin brine path	Fluorspar
Lemitar Mountains Mining District	New Mexico	Magmatic REE	Carbonatite
Mogollon-Wilcox-Gila fluorite districts	New Mexico	Magmatic REE	Fluorspar
New Mexico Cambrian alkaline rocks and REE veins	New Mexico	Magmatic REE	Peralkaline syenite/granite/rhyolite/alaskite/pegmatites
New Mexico Proterozoic alkaline rocks and pegmatites	New Mexico	Magmatic REE	Peralkaline syenite/granite/rhyolite/alaskite/pegmatites
New Mexico Tertiary alkaline rocks and REE veins	New Mexico	Magmatic REE	Peralkaline syenite/granite/rhyolite/alaskite/pegmatites
New Mexico carbonatites	New Mexico	Magmatic REE	Carbonatite
Pajarito Mountain	New Mexico	Magmatic REE	Peralkaline syenite/granite/rhyolite/alaskite/pegmatites
Palm Park (Rincon district)	New Mexico	Hybrid magmatic REE / basin brine path	Fluorspar
Petaca placers	New Mexico	Placer	Columbite/tantalite; Monazite/xenotime; Zircon
Red Basin-Riley	New Mexico	Meteoric recharge	Sandstone uranium
Tortugas Mountains	New Mexico	Hybrid magmatic REE / basin brine path	Fluorspar
Victorio Mining District	New Mexico	Climax-type	Polymetallic sulfide S-R-V-IS; Porphyry molybdenum; Skarn molybdenum
Wind Mountain (Cornudas Mountains)	New Mexico	Magmatic REE	Peralkaline syenite/granite/rhyolite/alaskite/pegmatites
Zuni Mountains fluorspar	New Mexico	Magmatic REE	Fluorspar
Texas-New Mexico alkaline belt	New Mexico, Texas	Magmatic REE	Peralkaline syenite/granite/rhyolite/alaskite/pegmatites
Texas-New Mexico alkaline belt	New Mexico, Texas	Climax-type	Porphyry molybdenum
Port Leyden mine area	New York	IOA-IOCG	Iron oxide apatite
Adirondack magnetite-apatite deposits	New York, Vermont	IOA-IOCG	Iron oxide apatite
Yadkin-Richland Mining District	North Carolina	Mafic magmatic	Iron-titanium oxide
North Carolina fireclays	North Carolina, South Carolina	Chemical weathering	Clay
Neoproterozoic granitoids	North Carolina, Virginia	Chemical weathering	Regolith (Ion adsorption) REE
Southwest Washington bauxite	Oregon, Washington	Chemical weathering	Bauxite
Puerto Rico volcanogenic Mn	Puerto Rico	Volcanogenic seafloor	Manganese oxide (layers, crusts, nodules)
Bear Lodge District and Broader Region	South Dakota, Wyoming	Magmatic REE	Carbonatite
Edgemont	South Dakota, Wyoming	Meteoric recharge	Sandstone uranium
Tertiary Heavy Mineral Sands	Tennessee	Placer	Ilmenite/rutile/leucoxene; Monazite/xenotime; Zircon
Big Bend alkaline rocks	Texas	Hybrid magmatic REE / basin brine path	Fluorspar
Cave Peak	Texas	Climax-type	Porphyry molybdenum
Central Texas pegmatites	Texas	Climax-type	Pegmatite NYF
Round Top	Texas	Magmatic REE	Peralkaline syenite/granite/rhyolite/alaskite/pegmatites
Texas Cretaceous intrusions	Texas	Magmatic REE	Peralkaline syenite/granite/rhyolite/alaskite/pegmatites
Coal Cliffs	Utah	Placer	Ilmenite/rutile/leucoxene; Monazite/xenotime; Zircon
Honeycomb Hills	Utah	Climax-type	Fluorspar; Volcanogenic beryllium
Iron Axis	Utah	IOA-IOCG	Skarn iron
Kaiparowits placer	Utah	Placer	Columbite/tantalite; Ilmenite/rutile/leucoxene; Monazite/xenotime; Uraninite, autunite-group minerals; Wolframite/scheelite; Zircon
Lake Bonneville Beach Gravels	Utah	Placer	Ilmenite/rutile/leucoxene; Monazite/xenotime; Zircon
Lower Mississippian (Osagean-Meramecian) Phosphate	Utah	Marine chemocline	Phosphate
Pine Grove-Blawn Mountain-Broken Ridge-Pink Knolls	Utah	Climax-type	Lithocap alunite; Lithocap kaolinite; Polymetallic sulfide S-R-V-IS; Porphyry molybdenum
Sheeprock or Columbia-East Erickson	Utah	Climax-type	Greisen; Greisen-S-R beryllium; Polymetallic sulfide S-R-V-IS
Spor Mountain	Utah	Climax-type	Fluorspar; Volcanogenic beryllium; Volcanogenic uranium
Uinta Basin	Utah	Meteoric recharge	Sandstone uranium
Virginia bauxite	Virginia	Chemical weathering	Bauxite
Virginia nelsonites	Virginia	Mafic magmatic	Iron-titanium oxide
Midnite	Washington	Magmatic REE	Peralkaline syenite/granite/rhyolite/alaskite/pegmatites
O'Toole Mountain	Washington	Climax-type	Porphyry molybdenum; Skarn molybdenum
Olympic Peninsula deposits	Washington	Volcanogenic seafloor	Manganese oxide (layers, crusts, nodules)
Sherwood	Washington	Meteoric recharge	Sandstone uranium
Spokane Mountain	Washington	Magmatic REE	Peralkaline syenite/granite/rhyolite/alaskite/pegmatites
Washington Heavy Mineral Placers	Washington	Placer	Columbite/tantalite; Gold; Ilmenite/rutile/leucoxene; Monazite/xenotime; PGE; Zircon
Washington bauxite district	Washington	Chemical weathering	Bauxite
Middle Devonian REE phosphates	West Virginia	Marine chemocline	Phosphate
Wausau Syenite Complex (WSC)	Wisconsin	Magmatic REE	Peralkaline syenite/granite/rhyolite/alaskite/pegmatites
Wolf River Batholith	Wisconsin	IOA-IOCG	Iron oxide apatite; Iron oxide copper gold
Wolf River Batholith	Wisconsin	Magmatic REE	Peralkaline syenite/granite/rhyolite/alaskite/pegmatites
Bald Mountain paleoplacers	Wyoming	Placer	Gold; Ilmenite/rutile/leucoxene; Monazite/xenotime; Zircon
Bates Hole area fluvial paleoplacers	Wyoming	Placer	Monazite/xenotime; Uraninite, autunite-group minerals
Central Laramie Range	Wyoming	Magmatic REE	Peralkaline syenite/granite/rhyolite/alaskite/pegmatites
Central Laramie Range	Wyoming	Mafic magmatic	Chromite; Iron-titanium oxide; Nickel-copper-PGE sulfide
Central Laramie Range	Wyoming	Volcanogenic seafloor	Barite; Manganese oxide (layers, crusts, nodules); Polymetallic sulfide
Copper Mountain	Wyoming	Meteoric recharge	Sandstone uranium
Gas Hills	Wyoming	Meteoric recharge	Sandstone uranium
Great Divide Basin	Wyoming	Meteoric recharge	Sandstone uranium
Ketchum Buttes	Wyoming	Meteoric recharge	Sandstone uranium
Poison Basin	Wyoming	Meteoric recharge	Sandstone uranium
Powder River Basin	Wyoming	Meteoric recharge	Sandstone uranium
Rattlesnake Hills Alkali Intrusive Complex	Wyoming	Magmatic REE	Carbonatite
Shirley Basin	Wyoming	Meteoric recharge	Sandstone uranium
Sweetwater Arch	Wyoming	Magmatic REE	Peralkaline syenite/granite/rhyolite/alaskite/pegmatites
Sweetwater Arch	Wyoming	Volcanogenic seafloor	Algoma iron; Manganese-oxide (layers, crusts, nodules); Polymetallic sulfide
Wyoming Metasedimentary and Metavolcanic Belts	Wyoming	Mafic magmatic	Chromite; Iron-titanium oxide; Nickel-copper-PGE sulfide
Wyoming Metasedimentary and Metavolcanic Belts	Wyoming	Metamorphic	Gneiss REE (monazite, xenotime); Gneiss U; Graphite (coal or carbonaceous sed)
Wyoming Metasedimentary and Metavolcanic Belts	Wyoming	Volcanogenic seafloor	Barite; Manganese oxide (layers, crusts, nodules); Polymetallic sulfide

Source: U.S. Geological Survey Earth MRI, GIS, supplemental data table, and references for focus areas of potential domestic resources of critical minerals and related commodities in the United States and Puerto Rico (ver. 2.0, April 2024), ScienceBase item 610438e7d34ef8d7055fbcae.